Inorganic chemistry forms an essential part of chemistry and is crucial for students preparing for competitive exams like NEET. This article provides a detailed explanation of important topics in inorganic chemistry, periodic trends, and various chemical reactions, along with MCQs for practice.
Let’s dive deep into the concepts, periodic properties, coordination compounds, and practical applications of inorganic chemistry.
1. Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry
What is Inorganic Chemistry?
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of elements and compounds that do not primarily contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. It covers the behavior, properties, and reactions of metals, non-metals, salts, and minerals.
It forms the basis of various industrial applications, such as metallurgy, catalysis, and medicinal chemistry. NEET aspirants must have a strong grasp of inorganic chemistry as it forms about 30-35% of the Chemistry syllabus.
Importance of Inorganic Chemistry in Daily Life
- Pharmaceuticals – Metal-based drugs like cisplatin (Platinum-based) are used in cancer treatment.
- Agriculture – Inorganic compounds like urea (NH₂CONH₂) and ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) are widely used as fertilizers.
- Construction – Cement, glass, and ceramics are made using silicates, aluminates, and calcium compounds.
- Battery Technology – Lithium-ion batteries contain inorganic materials like LiCoO₂ and LiFePO₄.
- Water Purification – Chlorination using Cl₂ or bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)₂) helps in disinfecting drinking water.
Role of Inorganic Chemistry in NEET
- Around 10-15 questions in the NEET Chemistry section come from inorganic chemistry.
- It requires memorization of concepts like periodic table trends, coordination compounds, and reactions.
- Questions often involve conceptual knowledge rather than numerical problem-solving.
2. Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
Understanding the Periodic Table
The periodic table is the backbone of chemistry. It arranges elements in increasing atomic number (Z) and groups them based on similar properties.
Classification of Elements
- s-Block Elements (Groups 1 & 2) – Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
- p-Block Elements (Groups 13-18) – Includes non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases
- d-Block Elements (Transition Metals) – Elements in Groups 3-12
- f-Block Elements (Lanthanides & Actinides) – Rare Earth Elements
Important Periodic Trends
- Atomic and Ionic Radii
- Atomic size decreases across a period (due to increased nuclear charge).
- Atomic size increases down a group (due to the addition of new shells).
- Cations are smaller than parent atoms, while anions are larger.
- Ionization Energy (IE)
- Energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
- Increases across a period (due to stronger nuclear attraction).
- Decreases down a group (due to the shielding effect).
- Electronegativity
- The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond.
- Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element.
- Electron Affinity (EA)
- The energy released when an atom gains an electron.
- Halogens have the highest electron affinity.
MCQ on Periodic Table Trends
- Which element has the largest atomic radius in Group 1?
a) Li
b) Na
c) K
d) Cs
Answer: d) Cs - The element with the highest electronegativity is:
a) Oxygen
b) Fluorine
c) Chlorine
d) Nitrogen
Answer: b) Fluorine
3. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bond – Formed by the transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl).
- Covalent Bond – Formed by the sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂, O₂).
- Metallic Bond – Found in metals due to a sea of delocalized electrons (e.g., Cu, Fe).
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
- Predicts the shape of molecules based on electron repulsion.
- Examples:
- Linear (BeCl₂) – 180° bond angle
- Trigonal planar (BF₃) – 120° bond angle
- Tetrahedral (CH₄) – 109.5° bond angle
Hybridization
- sp Hybridization – Found in BeCl₂ (Linear)
- sp² Hybridization – Found in BF₃ (Trigonal Planar)
- sp³ Hybridization – Found in CH₄ (Tetrahedral)
MCQ on Chemical Bonding
- Which of the following molecules has sp² hybridization?
a) CH₄
b) C₂H₂
c) BF₃
d) BeCl₂
Answer: c) BF₃
4. s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group 1: Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
- Highly reactive metals
- React with water to form hydroxides
- Low ionization energy & high electropositivity
Reaction with Water: 2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2↑2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ ↑2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2↑
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
- Less reactive than alkali metals
- Higher melting and boiling points
- Important compounds:
- CaCO₃ (Limestone) – Used in cement.
- Mg(OH)₂ (Milk of Magnesia) – Used as an antacid.
MCQ on s-Block Elements
- Which alkali metal is most reactive?
a) Li
b) Na
c) K
d) Cs
Answer: d) Cs
5. p-Block Elements (Group 13-18 Elements)
Group 13: Boron Family (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)
- Boron is a metalloid, while others are metals.
- Aluminum (Al) is used in aircraft and packaging.
Group 14: Carbon Family (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)
- Carbon forms the basis of organic chemistry.
- Silicon (Si) is used in semiconductors.
Group 15: Nitrogen Family (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
- Nitrogen (N₂) forms 78% of air.
- Phosphorus (P) exists in white, red, and black forms.
Group 16: Oxygen Family (O, S, Se, Te, Po)
- Oxygen (O₂) is essential for respiration.
- Sulfur (S) is used in vulcanization of rubber.
Group 17: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)
- Highly reactive non-metals.
- Fluorine (F₂) is the most reactive.
Group 18: Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
- Colorless, odorless, and chemically inert.
- Neon (Ne) is used in advertising lights.
6. d-Block and f-Block Elements
Introduction to Transition and Inner Transition Elements
The d-block elements (transition metals) and f-block elements (lanthanides & actinides) are known for their variable oxidation states, colored compounds, and catalytic properties.
d-Block Elements (Transition Metals – Groups 3 to 12)
- Characteristics:
- Form colored compounds (e.g., CuSO₄ is blue, FeCl₃ is yellow).
- Exhibit variable oxidation states (e.g., Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺).
- Show paramagnetism due to unpaired d-electrons.
- Act as catalysts in chemical reactions (e.g., Fe in Haber’s Process).
- Examples of Transition Metals and Their Uses:
- Iron (Fe): Used in steel manufacturing.
- Copper (Cu): Used in electrical wiring.
- Zinc (Zn): Used in galvanization to prevent rusting.
f-Block Elements (Lanthanides & Actinides)
- Lanthanides (La to Lu)
- Used in magnets, lasers, and electronic devices.
- Cerium (Ce) is used in catalytic converters in automobiles.
- Actinides (Th to Lr)
- Radioactive elements like Uranium (U) and Plutonium (Pu) are used in nuclear reactors.
MCQ on d-Block & f-Block Elements
- Which of the following elements is used in making high-strength magnets?
a) Iron
b) Cerium
c) Neodymium
d) Uranium
Answer: c) Neodymium
7. Coordination Compounds
Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
Coordination compounds consist of a central metal atom/ion bonded to ligands (molecules or ions). They are widely used in medicine, industry, and analytical chemistry.
Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Primary Valency: Ionic bonding (Oxidation State).
- Secondary Valency: Covalent bonding (Coordination Number).
Types of Ligands
- Unidentate Ligands: Bind through one donor atom (e.g., Cl⁻, NH₃).
- Bidentate Ligands: Bind through two donor atoms (e.g., Ethylenediamine – en).
- Polydentate Ligands: Bind through multiple donor atoms (e.g., EDTA).
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Structural Isomerism – Ionization, Hydration, and Linkage Isomerism.
- Stereoisomerism – Geometrical and Optical Isomerism.
Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Medicine: Cisplatin (Pt complex) is used in cancer treatment.
- Photography: AgBr forms a coordination complex in photographic film.
- Biological Importance: Hemoglobin (Fe complex) and Chlorophyll (Mg complex) are coordination compounds.
MCQ on Coordination Compounds
- The oxidation state of Fe in [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ is:
a) +2
b) +3
c) +4
d) 0
Answer: a) +2
8. Hydrogen and Its Compounds
General Properties of Hydrogen
- Lightest element (Atomic number = 1).
- Exists in three isotopes – Protium (¹H), Deuterium (²H), and Tritium (³H).
- Forms covalent, ionic, and metallic hydrides.
Types of Hydrides
- Ionic Hydrides (Salt-like Hydrides)
- Formed by s-block metals (e.g., NaH, CaH₂).
- Covalent Hydrides (Molecular Hydrides)
- Formed by p-block elements (e.g., H₂O, NH₃, CH₄).
- Metallic Hydrides
- Formed by d-block and f-block elements (e.g., TiH₂, PdH).
Water (H₂O) – The Universal Solvent
- High boiling point due to hydrogen bonding.
- Essential for biological and industrial processes.
Heavy Water (D₂O)
- Used in nuclear reactors as a neutron moderator.
Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)
- Acts as a bleaching agent and disinfectant.
- Used in the textile and paper industry.
MCQ on Hydrogen and Its Compounds
- Heavy water (D₂O) is used in:
a) Medicine
b) Nuclear Reactors
c) Photography
d) Agriculture
Answer: b) Nuclear Reactors
9. Environmental Chemistry (Inorganic Aspects)
Water Pollution and Its Effects
- Hardness of Water:
- Temporary Hardness – Due to Mg(HCO₃)₂ and Ca(HCO₃)₂.
- Permanent Hardness – Due to CaSO₄ and MgSO₄.
- Treatment of Hard Water:
- Boiling, Ion-exchange, and Calgon method.
Air Pollution and Inorganic Compounds
- Acid Rain: Caused by SO₂ and NO₂ dissolving in water to form H₂SO₄ and HNO₃.
- Ozone Layer Depletion: Caused by CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons).
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
- CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O contribute to global warming.
- Strategies to reduce greenhouse gases include renewable energy sources and afforestation.
MCQ on Environmental Chemistry
- Which gas is mainly responsible for acid rain?
a) CO₂
b) SO₂
c) O₂
d) H₂
Answer: b) SO₂
10. MCQs on Inorganic Chemistry for NEET
Topic-wise Multiple-Choice Questions
- Which of the following transition metals is used in the manufacture of stainless steel?
a) Iron
b) Nickel
c) Chromium
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above - The most electronegative element in the periodic table is:
a) Oxygen
b) Fluorine
c) Nitrogen
d) Chlorine
Answer: b) Fluorine - Which of the following compounds is used as a fertilizer?
a) NaCl
b) NH₄NO₃
c) KCl
d) Fe₂O₃
Answer: b) NH₄NO₃ - What is the coordination number of Fe in [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]³⁻?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
Answer: c) 6 - Which compound is responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer?
a) CO₂
b) NO₂
c) CFCs
d) SO₂
Answer: c) CFCs
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Conclusion
Inorganic chemistry plays a vital role in NEET preparation, industry, medicine, and the environment. Mastering periodic trends, coordination compounds, and chemical reactions is essential for scoring well in NEET Chemistry.
FAQs
- How many questions from inorganic chemistry appear in NEET?
- Around 10-15 questions appear in NEET Chemistry from inorganic chemistry.
- Which topic in inorganic chemistry is most important for NEET?
- Periodic trends, coordination compounds, and chemical bonding are crucial.
- What is the best book for inorganic chemistry for NEET?
- NCERT Chemistry and Neet World coaching materials.
- How can I memorize the periodic table trends easily?
- Using mnemonics, regular revision, and flashcards.
- Is inorganic chemistry hard for NEET?
- It requires conceptual understanding and memorization.
