Introduction
The cell cycle and cell division mcq are crucial topics in NEET biology, covering the fundamental concepts of growth, reproduction, and genetic inheritance. Every year, multiple questions are asked in NEET from this section, making it an essential area for scoring high. Practicing MCQs on this topic helps students solidify their understanding and improves their chances of answering NEET questions correctly.
In this article, we will provide an in-depth explanation of the cell cycle and cell division along with a comprehensive set of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to enhance your preparation.
Overview of Cell Cycle
What is the Cell Cycle?
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle consists of two main phases:
1. Interphase (Preparation Phase)
This is the longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for division. It has three sub-phases:
- G₁ Phase (First Gap Phase): The cell grows and synthesizes proteins.
- S Phase (Synthesis Phase): DNA replication occurs.
- G₂ Phase (Second Gap Phase): The cell prepares for mitosis.
2. M Phase (Mitosis Phase)
This is where the actual cell division takes place, leading to the formation of two identical daughter cells.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is regulated by proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). These proteins ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle and prevent errors.
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It occurs in somatic (body) cells and is responsible for growth and repair.
Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase – Chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase – Chromosomes align at the center.
- Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase – Two new nuclei form.
- Cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically distinct haploid cells. It occurs in gametes (sperm and egg cells).
Stages of Meiosis
- Meiosis I – Reductional division (homologous chromosomes separate).
- Meiosis II – Equational division (sister chromatids separate).
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
| Feature | Mitosis | Meiosis |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Divisions | 1 | 2 |
| Number of Daughter Cells | 2 | 4 |
| Genetic Variation | No | Yes |
| Occurs In | Somatic Cells | Gametes |
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
Cell cycle checkpoints ensure that cells divide correctly without DNA damage. The three main checkpoints are:
- G₁ Checkpoint: Checks cell size and DNA integrity.
- G₂ Checkpoint: Ensures DNA replication is complete.
- M Checkpoint: Confirms correct chromosome alignment before division.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) – Cell Cycle and Cell Division
MCQs on Cell Cycle
- Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?
a) G₁
b) S
c) G₂
d) M - During which phase does DNA replication occur?
a) G₁
b) S
c) G₂
d) M - What regulates the cell cycle?
a) Enzymes
b) Cyclins and CDKs
c) Ribosomes
d) Mitochondria
MCQs on Mitosis
- Which stage of mitosis is characterized by chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase - In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
MCQs on Meiosis
- Meiosis occurs in:
a) Somatic cells
b) Gametes
c) Muscle cells
d) Nerve cells - Crossing over occurs during:
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
MCQs on Cell Cycle Regulation
- Which checkpoint ensures that DNA replication is completed before mitosis?
a) G₁
b) S
c) G₂
d) M - Cancer is caused by:
a) Controlled cell division
b) Uncontrolled cell division
c) Absence of mitosis
d) Absence of meiosis
Answer Key and Explanation
- a) G₁ – This is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
- b) S – DNA replication occurs in the S phase.
- b) Cyclins and CDKs – These proteins regulate cell cycle progression.
- b) Metaphase – Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- c) Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- b) Gametes – Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.
- a) Prophase I – Crossing over increases genetic variation.
- c) G₂ – Ensures DNA replication before mitosis begins.
- b) Uncontrolled cell division – This leads to tumor formation.
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Conclusion
Understanding the cell cycle and cell division is essential for NEET aspirants, as it forms the basis of many biological processes. Practicing MCQs on this topic helps improve accuracy and boosts confidence in exams. Keep revising and solving more questions to strengthen your preparation.
FAQs
- What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
- Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis results in four genetically different cells.
- Why is the S phase important?
- It is responsible for DNA replication.
- What happens if the cell cycle is unregulated?
- It can lead to cancer and uncontrolled cell growth.
- Where does meiosis occur?
- In reproductive cells (sperm and egg).
- Which phase is the shortest in the cell cycle?
- The M phase.
